Linear theory methods (Hardy Cross)
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Long before the advent of powerful digital computers and sophisticated matrix solvers, engineers still needed practical ways to analyze looped pipe networks. For historical context and a broader understanding of iterative solution philosophies, this section will briefly touch upon some of these earlier techniques, most notably the Hardy Cross method, developed in the 1930s.
While it's less common as the primary computational engine in modern, general-purpose hydraulic modeling software (mainly due to its slower convergence for very large and complex systems compared to matrix-based methods), understanding its principles can still be very insightful.
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